How the Heart Works

How the Heart Works

I know what you’re thinking; I hope by the end of this article I can find out if it really is true that I can MacGyver an electrical cord together and shock my heart into restarting should it stop!  Quick answer….. maybe, if you’re an electrical engineer with all the appropriate gear, or go buy an automatic external defibrillator  (they’re really not that expensive).  Before you budding electricians all rush on out to RadioShack for all the equipment, let’s find out how this beast of an organ works.

The heart is a two part pump, one part mechanical and one part electrical.  The mechanical function of the heart is governed by the electrical system within the heart.  That electrical system, in turn, can be affected by neurotransmitters from the brain (or fancy pacemakers created by the Dr. Frankenstein-like minds of the world).  But since we’re only talking about the heart today, we will only focus on the ability of the electrical system of the heart.  Should you want to know how the brain governs it, I direct you to the many medical schools around the country!

THE MECHNICAL

The heart is a four chambered pump.  The top two chambers are called Atria, the bottom two are called Ventricles. They are separated from top to bottom by valves; the right and left sides are separated by a septum.  So what makes the pump squeeze?  Well the heart is a muscle, and like all muscles, when it gets shocked by electricity, it contracts.  If you don’t believe me, just stick a fork in the nearest electrical socket and see if anything tenses up! (DISCLAIMER: Due to our lawyers incessant need to justify themselves, they advised us to say, “Don’t do that. It could cause you harm”). When the hearts muscle gets “shocked”, they contract and force the blood down its path.  The valves I just spoke of are one way, and will not allow blood to flow back through the system.  If it does, see your nearest physician cause death could be imminent!

The blood’s path through the heart starts in a vein called the Superior Vena Cava.  Then it enters the right atrium, flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.  From there it travels through the pulmonic valve into pulmonary arteries, then the lungs.  Take a deep breath. Awe…… the sweet feeling of oxygen entering the blood! Now let it out, OOUU….. the halitosis laden Co2 leaving the body!  Now back to the heart and into the left atrium, through the mitral valve and Walla!  The blood is now in the “strongest” chamber of the heart, the left ventricle.  From there it gets pumped through the aortic valve and into the aorta and out to the rest of the body!

THE ELECTRICAL

So what causes that infamous electric shock the heart receives, approximately 60-100 times a minute?  Short answer: chemistry.  Long answer: The exchange of electrolytes across specialized cells within the heart build up a differing electrical potential on either side of the cell.  When this electrical potential reaches a certain amount, it discharges and sends a shock down another unique set of cells within the heart, causing a shock and thus the contraction.

The specific set of cells that regulates the heart rate (in most people) are called the Sinoatrial node or SA node for short.  The SA node (pacemaker of the heart) sits in the upper portion of the R atria near the entrance of the superior vena cava.

When the SA node sends out and electrical shock, it immediately shocks the atria.  The pulse then gets “held up” in another set of cells called the Atrioventricular node, or AV node for short.  This then transmits the impulse down to the bundle of His (no, not the bundle of hers, sorry ladies) and then to two pathways called the right and left bundle branches.  Then it’s transmitted to the rest of the Ventricles through what are called Purkinje fibers.  All together this “shock” causes the atria to contract, then the ventricles.  The wonder of a pulse!!

So what and how do these electrolytes cause this shock?  In an attempt not to give a physiology lecture of ungodly like proportion, I will simply say; the main two electrolytes involved are sodium and potassium.  Potassium normally sits inside the cell, and sodium outside.  Potassium slowly leaks outside of the cell and sodium then goes inside the cell.  This creates the differing electrical potential that builds up until the point of discharge.  Other electrolytes also help in creating this differential, and they are calcium and magnesium.  For how exactly all these electrolytes actually cross the cells membrane I will only say that it would take way too long to explain in this article, so trust me, they do.  All together the harmony created by this yin and yang system of electrical and mechanical systems come together to make that wonderfully thumping thing inside your chest!

Shocking

So let’s talk about this infamous “shocking” business. When the SA node becomes damaged, or simply isn’t working properly, other parts of the heart start to take over to create the heart beat.  There are millions of foci in the heart that can make this beat happen.  The reason why they normally don’t is that the SA node “overrides” them and they accept the impulse from it, instead of trying to create one on their own.

When these foci start to beat on their own, they can create an electrical impulse that simply doesn’t create the mechanical squeeze necessary for blood flow, thus no pulse.  When this happens if you “shock”, known as defibrillation, all of these foci, you get them all to depolarize at the same time.  Then the hope is that the SA node, or some other foci, will take over and create a pulse producing rhythm on its own.

So should there be no electrical impulse at all, like say when someone is “flat-lined”, called asystole, then shocking is pointless, since you would need an electrical impulse to create a beat.  So when you see those heroes on the television shocking someone with a flat-line, be assured that their license to practice medicine will be reviewed after the taping of their show.  Unless of course, they just say it looked like a fine V-fib!  (don’t ask, electrical physiologists go to school for a long time, and this article shouldn’t go that in depth)

Bonus Factoids

• The pulmonary arteries are the only arteries in the body that carry de-oxygenated blood.  Conversely, the pulmonary veins are the only veins in the body that carry oxygenated blood.
• The most common rhythm in sudden cardiac death (no pulse) is Ventricular Fibrillation.  This rhythm is one in which all the foci in the heart are sending out impulses at the same time causing the heart to quiver like a seizure laden steak.
• Like most of the body, the heart does not receive blood flow when it contracts, called systole.  The heart receives its blood flow when it relaxes, called diastole.  This is why when someone has an extremely fast heart rate, like say 180-?,  the person could feel light headed due to the fact that their blood pressure will be low.  This is because there isn’t enough time between contractions for the heart to receive enough oxygenated blood.
• The highest heart rate I have personally seen was 302.  Yes the person was conscious, and yes I did keep the “rhythm strip” to prove it!  And yes the person did eventually receive a pacemaker after several surgical attempts to “rewire” their heart.  No I have not just broken any HIPPA laws by telling you that! (note the very non-identifiable way I wrote that factoid)
• The slowest heart rate I have seen, in a conscious person, was 28.  And yes, they also received a pacemaker.
• A person can have a completely normal looking electrical rhythm on a monitor and still have no pulse and be declared dead.  Known as pulseless electrical activity or PEA, it is treated, medically, the same as someone who has no electrical impulse, “flat-lined”.
• Mechanically, should the heart stop contracting, the only way to move blood through the body is with CPR compressions.